Sequenciamento de DNA de nova geração e suas aplicações na genômica de plantas

As plataformas de sequenciamento de nova geração são uma alternativa poderosa para estudos de genômica estrutural e funcional. Na genômica de plantas, os trabalhos com as novas plataformas têm sido destinados ao sequenciamento de transcritos, ressequenciamento ou sequenciamento de novo de genomas plastidiais. Neste trabalho, são detalhadas as tecnologias das plataformas mais utilizadas atualmente, bem como é revisada a aplicação dessas tecnologias na genômica estrutural e funcional de plantas.

Efeitos da microgravidade em plantas de cana-de-açúcar

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a plant from Poaceae family that has an impressive ability to accumulate sucrose in the stalk, making it a significant component of the economy of many countries. About 100 countries produce sugarcane in an area of 22 million hectares worldwide. For this reason, many studies have been done using sugarcane as a plant model in order to improve production. A change in gravity may be one kind of abiotic stress, since it generates rapid responses after stimulation. In this work we decided to investigate the possible morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular changes resulting from microgravity. Here, we present the contributions of an experiment where sugarcane plants were submitted to microgravity flight using a vehicle VSB-30, a sounding rocket developed by Aeronautics and Space Institute teams, in cooperation with the German Space Agency. Sugarcane plants with 10 days older were submitted to a period of six minutes of microgravity using the VSB-30 rocket. The morphophysiological analyses of roots and leaves showed that plants submitted to the flight showed changes in the conduction tissues, irregular pattern of arrangement of vascular bundles and thickening of the cell walls, among other anatomical changes that indicate that the morphology of the plants was substantially influenced by gravitational stimulation, besides the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, an important signaling molecule in stress conditions. We carried out RNA extraction and sequencing using Illumina platform. Plants subjected to microgravity also showed changes in enzyme activity. It was observed an increased in superoxide dismutase activity in leaves and a decreased in its activity in roots as well as for ascorbate peroxidase activity. Thus, it was concluded that the changes in gravity were perceived by plants, and that microgravity environment triggered changes associated with a reactive oxygen specie signaling process. This work has helped the understanding of how the gravity affects the structural organization of the plants, by comparing the anatomy of plants subjected to microgravity and plants grown in 1g gravity

Modelagem molecular da Chiquimato quinase de Mycobacterium leprae

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Bioinformática estrutural aplicada ao estudo de proteínas alvo do genoma do Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos da microgravidade em plantas de cana-de-açúcar

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a plant from Poaceae family that has an impressive ability to accumulate sucrose in the stalk, making it a significant component of the economy of many countries. About 100 countries produce sugarcane in an area of 22 million hectares worldwide. For this reason, many studies have been done using sugarcane as a plant model in order to improve production. A change in gravity may be one kind of abiotic stress, since it generates rapid responses after stimulation. In this work we decided to investigate the possible morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular changes resulting from microgravity. Here, we present the contributions of an experiment where sugarcane plants were submitted to microgravity flight using a vehicle VSB-30, a sounding rocket developed by Aeronautics and Space Institute teams, in cooperation with the German Space Agency. Sugarcane plants with 10 days older were submitted to a period of six minutes of microgravity using the VSB-30 rocket. The morphophysiological analyses of roots and leaves showed that plants submitted to the flight showed changes in the conduction tissues, irregular pattern of arrangement of vascular bundles and thickening of the cell walls, among other anatomical changes that indicate that the morphology of the plants was substantially influenced by gravitational stimulation, besides the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, an important signaling molecule in stress conditions. We carried out RNA extraction and sequencing using Illumina platform. Plants subjected to microgravity also showed changes in enzyme activity. It was observed an increased in superoxide dismutase activity in leaves and a decreased in its activity in roots as well as for ascorbate peroxidase activity. Thus, it was concluded that the changes in gravity were perceived by plants, and that microgravity environment triggered changes associated with a reactive oxygen specie signaling process. This work has helped the understanding of how the gravity affects the structural organization of the plants, by comparing the anatomy of plants subjected to microgravity and plants grown in 1g gravity

Alterations in energy metabolism, neuroprotection and visual signal transduction in the retina of parkinsonian, MPTP-treated monkeys

Parkinson disease is mainly characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, including the retina. Different interrelated molecular mechanisms underlying Parkinson disease-associated neuronal death have been put forward in the brain, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Systemic injection of the proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to monkeys elicits the appearance of a parkinsonian syndrome, including morphological and functional impairments in the retina. However, the intracellular events leading to derangement of dopaminergic and other retinal neurons in MPTP-treated animal models have not been so far investigated. Here we have used a comparative proteomics approach to identify proteins differentially expressed in the retina of MPTP-treated monkeys. Proteins were solubilized from the neural retinas of control and MPTP-treated animals, labelled separately with two different cyanine fluorophores and run pairwise on 2D DIGE gels. Out of >700 protein spots resolved and quantified, 36 were found to exhibit statistically significant differences in their expression levels, of at least ±1.4-fold, in the parkinsonian monkey retina compared with controls. Most of these spots were excised from preparative 2D gels, trypsinized and subjected to MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS analyses. Data obtained were used for protein sequence database interrogation, and 15 different proteins were successfully identified, of which 13 were underexpressed and 2 overexpressed. These proteins were involved in key cellular functional pathways such as glycolysis and mitochondrial electron transport, neuronal protection against stress and survival, and phototransduction processes. These functional categories underscore that alterations in energy metabolism, neuroprotective mechanisms and signal transduction are involved in MPTPinduced neuronal degeneration in the retina, in similarity to mechanisms thought to underlie neuronal death in the Parkinson’s diseased brain and neurodegenerative diseases of the retina proper.

Trabajo de coordinación para la implementación del cuarto curso del Grado en Química

En el curso 2013-14 se implantará el cuarto y último curso del Grado en Química. La experiencia adquirida durante la implementación de los tres primeros cursos ha puesto de manifiesto la conveniencia de realizar un proceso de coordinación entre los profesores de las diferentes asignaturas que garantice la consecución de las competencias previstas en la memoria del título. Por ello, se ha creado en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Alicante una red de investigación en docencia universitaria que ha estado trabajando desde el inicio del presente curso académico en este tema. Dicha red está constituida por el Vicedecano de Ordenación Académica de la Facultad de Ciencias, la Coordinadora Académica de Química y los profesores coordinadores de todas las asignaturas del 4º curso del grado (excepto Prácticas Externas y Trabajo Fin de Grado). En esta comunicación se presentarán los resultados del trabajo de investigación realizado por estos profesores que ha permitido elaborar las guías docentes de las asignaturas, planificar y coordinar las actividades a realizar para que los alumnos adquieran las competencias transversales, realizar un cronograma de actividades de evaluación y otro de prácticas de laboratorio que asegure la distribución homogénea del trabajo del alumno durante el curso académico.

Sub-Cellular Localization and Complex Formation by Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Cyanobacteria: Evidence for Interaction of Membrane-Anchored ValRS with ATP Synthase

tRNAs are charged with cognate amino acids by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and subsequently delivered to the ribosome to be used as substrates for gene translation. Whether aminoacyl-tRNAs are channeled to the ribosome by transit within translational complexes that avoid their diffusion in the cytoplasm is a matter of intense investigation in organisms of the three domains of life. In the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, the valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS) is anchored to thylakoid membranes by means of the CAAD domain. We have investigated whether in this organism ValRS could act as a hub for the nucleation of a translational complex by attracting other aaRSs to the membranes. Out of the 20 aaRSs, only ValRS was found to localize in thylakoid membranes whereas the other enzymes occupied the soluble portion of the cytoplasm. To investigate the basis for this asymmetric distribution of aaRSs, a global search for proteins interacting with the 20 aaRSs was conducted. The interaction between ValRS and the FoF1 ATP synthase complex here reported is of utmost interest and suggests a functional link between elements of the gene translation and energy production machineries.

New insights into plant salt acclimation: the roles of vesicle trafficking and reactive oxygen species signalling in mitochondria and the endomembrane system

In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate salt acclimation. The main objective was to obtain new insights into the molecular mechanisms that control salt acclimation. Therefore, we carried out a multidisciplinary study using proteomic, transcriptomic, subcellular and physiological techniques. We obtained a Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cell line acclimated to be grown at 258 mM NaCl as a model for this study. The proteomic and transcriptomic data indicate that the molecular response to stress (chaperones, defence proteins, etc.) is highly induced in these salt-acclimated cells. The subcellular results show that salt induces sodium compartmentalization in the cell vacuoles and seems to be mediated by vesicle trafficking in tobacco salt-acclimated cells. Our results demonstrate that abscisic acid (ABA) and proline metabolism are crucial in the cellular signalling of salt acclimation, probably regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the mitochondria. ROS may act as a retrograde signal, regulating the cell response. The network of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus is highly altered in salt-acclimated cells. The molecular and subcellular analysis suggests that the unfolded protein response is induced in salt-acclimated cells. Finally, we propose that this mechanism may mediate cell death in salt-acclimated cells.

A família Pso2/Snm1 e suas possíveis funções na reparação de DNA e na manutenção genômica dos cromossomos

O genoma das células eucarióticas é um dos principais alvos para danos induzidos por inúmeros fatores ambientes, sejam estes de origem biótica ou abiótica. Considerando a complexidade da molécula de DNA, não é supreendente que existam diferentes tipos de lesões com os mais variados graus de severidade. Dentre todas as lesões que podem ser induzidas no DNA, as pontes intercadeias (ICLs) estão entre as mais graves. Se não forem reparadas, a presença de apenas um ICL pode ser letal para a célula. Além disso, as lesões do tipo ICLs são quimicamente heterogêneas, podendo modificar a estrutura do DNA de forma permanente ou temporária. Os mecanismos relacionados à reparação de ICLs ainda são pouco conhecidos em eucariotos. Apesar de várias proteínas terem sido descritas como essenciais ao processo, não há um modelo único que explique esta reparação. Contudo, dentre as diferentes proteínas que participam na reparação de ICLs, destacam-se as nucleases Pso2/Snm1. A forma de atuação das proteínas Pso2/Snm1 não é conhecida, mas inúmeros dados obtidos com mutantes de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e, recentemente, com células de mamífero, mostram que a ausência de Pso2p/Snm1p bloqueia a restituição do DNA de alta massa molecular. Por outro lado, tem sido mostrado que o Pso2p/Snm1p provavelmente atua na manutenção da cromatina, mas de uma forma ainda não completamente esclarecida. Uma das proteínas pertencentes à família Pso2p/Snm1p, Ártemis, possui um papel importante no desenvolvimento do sistema imunológico adaptativo de metazoários e parece ser essencial para outros processos relacionados ao metabolismo de DNA eucariótico. Desta maneira, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal o estudo da família Pso2p/Snm1p por meio da análise filogenética e de seqüências, comparando-a com proteínas homólogas já descritas em outros organismos. Além disso, esta comparação XVII permitiu estabelecer uma correlação funcional entre as proteínas em termos de reparação de DNA e manutenção da cromatina eucariótica. As análises de filogenia e de seqüências claramente demonstraram que as proteínas Pso2/Snm1 podem ser agrupadas em quatro grupos principais ao invés de três, ao contrário do que se conhecia previamente. Três destes grupos, por sua vez, são formados por subgrupos específicos, que possivelmente atuam de forma diferenciada na reparação de DNA, na manutenção da cromatina e na geração de diversidade biológica. Por outro lado, os estudos das seqüências Pso2/Snm1, baseados principalmente na técnica de análises de agrupamentos hidrofóbicos (HCA), revelaram um alto grau de similaridade de estruturas primárias e secundárias entre os diferentes grupos, um indicativo da importância estrutural para a função destas proteínas no metabolismo de DNA. A técnica de HCA permitiu mapear regiões conservadas (CRs) em todas as seqüências estudadas, compondo o chamado domínio Pso2p/Snm1p. Em alguns casos, o domínio Pso2p/Snm1p encontra-se fusionado a outros domínios catalíticos. Neste caso, destaca-se o estudo de uma nova família de DNA ligases dependentes de ATP que são exclusivas de plantas. Esta nova família, denominada de Lig6p, parece ter funções importantes no metabolismo do DNA de plantas, sendo esta a primeira DNA ligase eucariótica com função nucleásica identificada. Usando os dados obtidos neste trabalho em conjunto com os resultados de outros autores, é sugerido um possível modo de atuação das proteínas Pso2p/Snm1p na reparação de danos do tipo ICL, na manutenção da cromatina e na geração de diversidade biológica.

Aplicações da proteômica na pesquisa vegetal.

A Proteômica surgiu como uma das vertentes da era pós-genômica e vem contribuindo significativamente para o entendimento global e integrado do sistema biológico. O estudo do proteoma envolve todo o conjunto de proteínas expresso pelo genoma de uma célula, como também pode ser direcionado somente àquelas que se expressam diferencialmente em condições específicas. Proteômica dedica-se também ao conjunto de isoformas de proteínas e modificações pós-traducionais, às interações entre elas, bem como à descrição estrutural de moléculas e seus complexos. Esta revisão apresenta as principais tecnologias empregadas em estudos proteômicos, e faz um levantamento de trabalhos recentes que utilizaram abordagens proteômicas para a identificação de genes e rotas envolvidos na resposta da planta a estresses bióticos e abióticos. Finalmente, são discutidos aspectos do potencial do emprego da proteômica na compreensão de questões biológicas complexas e no melhoramento genético de plantas na busca de genótipos superiores.

Participación de la familia génica GPC sobre la concentración de proteínas y nutrientes en el grano y su relación con la senescencia foliar en plantas de trigo

La removilización de nutrientes al grano y la senescencia son procesos extremadamente interconectados en trigo que determinan la calidad nutricional y panadera. Mientras que el nitrógeno (N) afecta la concentración de proteínas en grano (CPG), en donde alta CPG generan productos panificables con una calidad superior, los micronutrientes como el hierro (Fe) y el Zinc (Zn) afectan la calidad nutricional. Por lo tanto, el mejoramiento de la calidad en trigo requiere un profundo entendimiento de las redes génicas que regulan y controlan la senescencia y la removilización de nutrientes al grano. El gen GPC-B1, proveniente del trigo silvestre Triticum turgidum var. diccocoides, pertenece a la familia de factores de transcripción NAC y es la primer fuente de variación para CPG y micronutrientes identificada en trigo. Los objetivos de esta tesis fueron: estudiar el efecto de la introgresión de GPC-B1 sobre la CPG, concentración de micro y macronutrientes y diferentes parámetros agronómicos en germoplasma argentino; profundizar, mediante análisis transcriptómicos y el uso de plantas mutantes para los genes GPC el entendimiento de la regulación génica que ocurre durante la senescencia y finalmente identificar nuevos genes de transporte de N, Fe y Zn al grano mediante genómica comparativa con arroz. Cuando GPC-B1 se introdujo en germoplasma de origen argentino la CPG se incrementó entre 3 a 8,11 g kg-1 a través de diferentes cultivares y ambientes. A pesar del efecto negativo del gen sobre el tamaño de granos y una aceleración en la senescencia, no se observaron diferencias significativas en rendimiento. El incremento en la CPG se explicó por una mayor proteólisis y eficiencia en el transporte de aminoácidos al grano. Cuando se analizó la concentración de nutrientes, se observaron incrementos consistentes en Fe. La combinación de análisis transcriptómicos y plantas mutantes permitió identificar 3888 genes diferencialmente expresados durante la senescencia y 340 genes modulados por la familia GPC. A su vez, se han identificado 21 genes relacionados con el transporte de N al grano y se han caracterizado nueve familias génicas relacionadas con el transporte de Fe y Zn al grano que pueden utilizarse en programas de mejoramiento para incrementar la calidad nutricional en trigo.

Técnicas biomoleculares no diagnòstico e tipificação em virologia vegetal

Tese de dout., Ciências Agrárias (Protecção de Plantas), Unidade de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias, Univ. do Algarve, 1994

Variabilidade genómica de Citrus tristeza virus e transformação genética de Citrus aurantium L. com vista à obtenção de resistência

Tese de dout., Biologia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Univ. do Algarve, 2003

Potencial larvicida de extratos de plantas regionais no controle de larvas de Aedes aegypti

Dengue, amongst the virus illnesses one can get by vectorial transmission, is the one that causes more impact in the morbidity and mortality of world s population. The resistance to the insecticides has caused difficulties to control of vector insect (Aedes aegypti) and has stimulated a search for vegetables with larvicidal activity. The biodiversity of Caatinga is barely known and it is potential of use even less. Some plants of this biome are commercialized in free fairs northeast of Brazil, because of its phytotherapics properties. The vegetables in this study had been selected by means of a questionnaire applied between grass salesmen and natives of the Serido region from Rio Grande do Norte state; culicids eggs had been acquired with traps and placed in container with water for the larva birth. Thirty larvae had been used in each group (a group control and five experimental groups), with four repetitions four times. The vegetables had been submitted to the processes of decoction, infusion and maceration in the standard concentration of 100g of the vegetable of study in 1l of H2O and analyzed after ½, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours for verification of the average lethal dose (LD50) from the groups with thirty larva. The LD50 was analyzed in different concentrations (50g/l, 100g/l, 150g/l, 200g/l e 300g/l) of Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. 48 extracts of rind, leaf and stem of the seven vegetal species: Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart., Mimosa verrucosa Benth, Mimosa hostilis (Mart.) Benth., Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão, Ximenia americana L, Bumelia sartorum Mart Zizyphus joazeiro Mart, had been analyzed. The extracts proceeding from the three methods were submitted to the freezedrying, to evaluate and to quantify substances extracted in each process. The results had shown that Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. and Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão are the species that are more distinguished as larvicidal after 24 hours of experiment, in all used processes of extraction in the assays. The Zizyphus joazeiro Mart species has not shown larvicidal activity in none of the assays. In relation to the extraction method, the decoction was the most efficient method in the mortality tax of the A. aegypti larvae